Abstract A few Asian countries such as Indonesia, China and Pakistan are coal-rich. It is estimated that the total coal reserves of these countries are over several billion tons, which makes them the richest nations of the world in respect of coal reserves. Coal reserves are present in all four provinces of these countries. The largest reservoir accounting to 175.5 billion tons... A few Asian countries such as Indonesia, China and Pakistan are coal-rich. It is estimated that the total coal reserves of these countries are over several billion tons, which makes them the richest nations of the world in respect of coal reserves. Coal reserves are present in all four provinces of these countries. The largest reservoir accounting to 175.5 billion tons of coal is in Thar area of Sindh province of Pakistan. Some regions despite having the enormous coal reserves, are facing acute shortage of Electricity. The Pakistan’s electricity demand is rising at the rate of 11% annually, while incremental rate of production is fairly flat. Country heavily depends upon the import of oil for thermal power generation. Total Power Generation Capacity of Pakistan is approximately 19,855 MW among which 67.2% is generated from thermal sources (oil and gas), 29.4% from hydel and 3.3% from nuclear while coal accounts only for 0.1% which is far less as compared to the world’s average of 40%. Due to increased cost of petroleum products, slow development of hydel and nuclear power generation and negligible development of Indigenous-Coal reservoir, country is facing severe energy crisis. The Coal reserves can become a main source for production of cheap electricity for the country and are the only reliable source to minimize the gap between consumption and generation of electricity. It is anticipated that, if properly utilized, these countries’ Coal energy resources may generate at least 100,000 MW of electricity for the next few years. This paper provides the overview of electricity shortage, problems associated with energy-mix used for power generation and root causes of electricity shortage. It also highlights the importance, characteristics, and power generation capability of the Coal reservoir of these countries. Read More Read Less

Abstract A down conversion RF mixer is designed with 65nm CMOS technology for a different low power consumption applications. Mixer structure comprises a double-balanced Gilbert-Cell with improving linearity method in the RF stage of circuit; all is at a supply voltage of 1.8V and a power of 2.17 mW. The circuit is simulated for different spectrum applications as: 200 MHz mobile users,... A down conversion RF mixer is designed with 65nm CMOS technology for a different low power consumption applications. Mixer structure comprises a double-balanced Gilbert-Cell with improving linearity method in the RF stage of circuit; all is at a supply voltage of 1.8V and a power of 2.17 mW. The circuit is simulated for different spectrum applications as: 200 MHz mobile users, 1.9 GHz wireless applications, and 20 to 60 GHz commercial satellite and point to- point communications. The reported design achieves good values in terms of a radio frequency mixer evaluating parameters such as: Consumed Power, Conversion Gain, Noise Figure and Linearity. Read More Read Less

Abstract Patients with the frozen shoulder condition that limits their arm movement should seek rehabilitation assistance from a medical facility. The normal process is for the patients to travel from their home to a hospital or a medical center to see a physiotherapist. Such potentially cumbersome effort may reduce their motivation and determination to seek proper treatment. Our approach is to... Patients with the frozen shoulder condition that limits their arm movement should seek rehabilitation assistance from a medical facility. The normal process is for the patients to travel from their home to a hospital or a medical center to see a physiotherapist. Such potentially cumbersome effort may reduce their motivation and determination to seek proper treatment. Our approach is to use a single smartphone with accelerometer, magnetic field, and gyroscope sensors to provide the necessary monitoring measurements to enable effective tele-rehabilitation. This work proposes a framework for such a system and has successful developed prototype based on the Android platform. Also, there are many different smartphones in the market. Therefore, we evaluated performance of three different smartphones, which are Samsung Google Nexus S, Samsung Galaxy Note 1, and Sony Xperia Z Ultra. According to the experimentation, we have shown that smartphones with the appropriate sensors are suitable for tele-rehabilitation. Also, a newer generation model would provide more precise measurements, as expected. Read More Read Less