Abstract In this work we have studied the purpose of this article is to review the state-of-the art analysis, assessment and authorisation processes and procedures for the railway structural subsystems CCS (ERTMS). With the help of experimental analysis, we have presented the significant problems and discrepancies and further described and provided as outcomes of this review.... In this work we have studied the purpose of this article is to review the state-of-the art analysis, assessment and authorisation processes and procedures for the railway structural subsystems CCS (ERTMS). With the help of experimental analysis, we have presented the significant problems and discrepancies and further described and provided as outcomes of this review. Read More Read Less

Abstract We introduce a new kind of x-pol antenna for better optimization. We have used the 433MHz ISM band which is suitable for the design of the proposed antenna. This is more suitable to improve the communication in the ICM bands. In this type of antennas, the electromagnetic frequency resource adapts to M2M and better suited for data transfers.... We introduce a new kind of x-pol antenna for better optimization. We have used the 433MHz ISM band which is suitable for the design of the proposed antenna. This is more suitable to improve the communication in the ICM bands. In this type of antennas, the electromagnetic frequency resource adapts to M2M and better suited for data transfers. Read More Read Less

Abstract The Tx and Rx antennas are used for Television broadcasting and the differences between them are documented in this work. We have studied the directional and omnidirectional antenna for Ricean and Rayleigh channels. With the help of graphical presentations we have compared them with the ETSI requirements and further we did experimental observations.... The Tx and Rx antennas are used for Television broadcasting and the differences between them are documented in this work. We have studied the directional and omnidirectional antenna for Ricean and Rayleigh channels. With the help of graphical presentations we have compared them with the ETSI requirements and further we did experimental observations. Read More Read Less