Abstract There is an overwhelming dependence on Global Positioning System (GPS) in every sector, ranging from civil to military. The over dependence on GPS and its potential vulnerabilities has raised many concerns among government, scientists and all those who employ GPS for their business and other critical applications. It is due to the fact that GPS receivers can be easily be... There is an overwhelming dependence on Global Positioning System (GPS) in every sector, ranging from civil to military. The over dependence on GPS and its potential vulnerabilities has raised many concerns among government, scientists and all those who employ GPS for their business and other critical applications. It is due to the fact that GPS receivers can be easily be spoofed and the operations of any system can be disturbed and compromised which may result in a catastrophe. Many techniques have been proposed to meet the challenge of protecting GPS receivers from spoofing threat but none of these techniques are in use. Researchers are trying desperately to find a complete solution to meet this threat. This paper will present an analytical overview of the techniques that have been proposed to protect civilian GPS receiver. This survey analyzes different alternative solutions to prevent spoofing and explore a combination of two or more techniques that can provide most effective spoofing countermeasure technique. Read More Read Less

Abstract Understanding the shopping and purchasing behaviours of customers is an essential task for business and retail organizations. While customers look for useful information from retailers as they shop, businesses seek to collect increasing amounts of data in order to deliver added value to their customers. This requires an intensive analysis of sales data. Extracting shopping patterns across the many levels... Understanding the shopping and purchasing behaviours of customers is an essential task for business and retail organizations. While customers look for useful information from retailers as they shop, businesses seek to collect increasing amounts of data in order to deliver added value to their customers. This requires an intensive analysis of sales data. Extracting shopping patterns across the many levels of information is a non-trivial task as datasets on sales transactions can contain many levels of information such as item category, brand name, colour, and price. This paper examines the use of multi-level association rules to uncover purchasing patterns at multiple levels of detail. It shows how different kinds of purchasing patterns can emerge at different association levels of analysis. This type of analysis is indeed helpful in assisting retailers to make wise decisions for their customers. Read More Read Less

Abstract There are many kinds of threats of malware like virus, worms, Trojan horse and many more. Along with external attacks internal attacks are also big security threat for any company or enterprise. Today’s world is very dangerous for network browsing and surfing without safety measures. To overcome these threats, there are some security measures like encryption, antivirus programs etc. Although... There are many kinds of threats of malware like virus, worms, Trojan horse and many more. Along with external attacks internal attacks are also big security threat for any company or enterprise. Today’s world is very dangerous for network browsing and surfing without safety measures. To overcome these threats, there are some security measures like encryption, antivirus programs etc. Although a lot of work has been done in this field and still work is continue against network security threats yet attackers and hackers are becoming powerful day by day. In this paper I have discusses all these issue, I have also point out some points for future researchers in the field of network security. Read More Read Less