Abstract Somatic Marker Hypothesis (SMH) suggests that decision making in uncertainty relays on somatic markers – emotional reactions reflected in bodily states which lead person towards advantageous decision making. Authors of SMH created a task aiming to access decision making in uncertainty – Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), suggesting that since healthy participants tend to develop advantageous decision-making strategy, they will have good IGT... Somatic Marker Hypothesis (SMH) suggests that decision making in uncertainty relays on somatic markers – emotional reactions reflected in bodily states which lead person towards advantageous decision making. Authors of SMH created a task aiming to access decision making in uncertainty – Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), suggesting that since healthy participants tend to develop advantageous decision-making strategy, they will have good IGT performance. Recent studies however, question good IGT performance among healthy participants thus imposing question on their advantageous decisionmaking strategies. The aim of this study was to explore IGT performance among healthy participants. Participants (N=268) filled standard version of IGT, consisting of 100 trials in which participants select cards from four decks: A and B, that bring higher rewards and penalties (good decks) and C and D that bring small rewards and penalties (bad decks). At the beginning of the IGT, participants get 2000$ of play money, with instruction to try to gain as much money as possible. Results show that participants tend to lose rather than gain money, with almost half of participants showing impaired IGT performance. In addition, results indicate that frequency of punishment, rather than overall goodness or decks is factor relevant for specific deck selection. Study results question wheatear healthy participants apply advantageous decision-making strategies when performing IGT, indicating that future studies are needed in order to explore factors contributing to advantageous decision making in uncertainty. Read More Read Less

Abstract The nature of consciousness has excited the imagination of scientists and researches for years. In the past, some were of the opinion that a single part of the brain is important for the emergence of consciousness, while some disagreed, one of the first being the psychologist William James, who claimed that what is important for its emergence is the function of... The nature of consciousness has excited the imagination of scientists and researches for years. In the past, some were of the opinion that a single part of the brain is important for the emergence of consciousness, while some disagreed, one of the first being the psychologist William James, who claimed that what is important for its emergence is the function of the brain as a whole and that parallel function of different parts is key. In our study we focus mainly on the research of visual consciousness. We want to find out whether there is a difference in the emergence of visual consciousness between healthy participant (children ages 6-16) and children diagnosed with ADHD. We attempt to measure the emergence of visual consciousness using an experimental paradigm designed. Read More Read Less

Abstract Modern technology often gives us an impression of a better life, yet simultaneously raises new risks that have not been present ever before. This paper will present differences between three different ‘decision-making processes’ that occur as a consequence of three different types of systems, namely, AI can be equipped with a deterministic algorithm, a supervised, or an unsupervised learning algorithm. Through this... Modern technology often gives us an impression of a better life, yet simultaneously raises new risks that have not been present ever before. This paper will present differences between three different ‘decision-making processes’ that occur as a consequence of three different types of systems, namely, AI can be equipped with a deterministic algorithm, a supervised, or an unsupervised learning algorithm. Through this systematization, concerns regarding foresee ability and certainty of the system’s actions will be examined. The scope of the thesis is limited to foresee ability regarding harm caused by physical machines or products, equipped with advanced algorithms. This paradox raises questions regarding the role of scientists in situations when they are facing uncertain risks, and legal scholars when regulating advanced technology. Read More Read Less

Abstract People with Profound Intellectual and Multiple Disabilities (PIMD) stand for a broad and very heterogeneous spectrum of people that are characterised by some common aspects like a severe intellectual disability usually in combination with a lack of conventional and symbolic communication abilities, coupled with the need for high levels of support due to comorbidities or other possible disabilities (i.e., motor or sensorial impairments).... People with Profound Intellectual and Multiple Disabilities (PIMD) stand for a broad and very heterogeneous spectrum of people that are characterised by some common aspects like a severe intellectual disability usually in combination with a lack of conventional and symbolic communication abilities, coupled with the need for high levels of support due to comorbidities or other possible disabilities (i.e., motor or sensorial impairments). Supporting these individuals is extremely challenging, as their communication signals are atypical and idiosyncratic. Therefore, a plethora of these behaviours are not or not easily readable for the caregivers. Without background information on a specific person with PIMD, it is hard for a caregiver, even a trained professional, to interpret the desires and mental state of the person they are interacting with, which leads to a stressful interaction for both. With advances in computer vision (CV), speech recognition technology (SRT) and artificial intelligence (AI), we are making the first steps in codifying these behaviours and attempting to mechanically extract the meaning of the communication. The INSENSION project aims to use these advancements to catalogue the actions of persons with PIMD and the environment and thus provide feedback to caregivers and enable individuals to control their surroundings. A similar system could be used to analyse the behaviour of healthy individuals so that the generalised and personalised expressions of body language could be codified and compared across cultures and individuals. Read More Read Less