Abstract Software engineering is the work of designing, implementing and modifying of software to build software fast and have a high quality, efficient and maintainable software. Invariant helps programmer and tester to perform some aspect of software engineering. Since arrays and pointers are more probable to be faulty, invariants which report these properties are more useful. By presenting first and last elements of arrays we can detect the carelessness in using index which mostly happens in loops. The idea of employing number of mutual elements between two same type arrays can help us to catch faults in the cases that an array is gained from changes in another array. These two properties help us to capture lots of prevalent faults and therefore try to remove them. This paper proposes an interesting sort of extension over Daikon like tools. It can generate more invariant in the case of array. Read More Read Less

Abstract This paper explains that electronic banking uses the computer and electronic technology instead of traditional checks and other paper transactions. The paper relates that electronic commerce in developing countries permit better access to information and marketing opportunities but also have negative aspects such as delays and questionable security. The paper describes the different forms of electronic payment systems and discusses the impact of the internet and electronic cash on the banking system and how we exchange money. The paper also discusses smart card technology and believes that in the future, mobile payment systems and micro-payment systems providing significant convenience to individual customers will lead the way in the development of EPS. Read More Read Less

Abstract Development of science and technology in different fields followed by complicated calculations-based projects and studies, therefore, in recent years it has been attempted to find solutions for reducing the calculation and temporal costs in the area of such problems. Various distributed calculations method, each are seeking for reducing the costs by parallel implementation of calculation plans on non concentrated calculating nodes, among which grid computing, exploiting from unusable sources resulted in reduced costs for developing the calculation networks. In concurrent with developed countries, Iran Scientific Society tries to use such methods for reducing the temporal and resources costs by researching and defined some projects for providing service-based grid computing for being used in universities and researching house through the country and the one of the most important actions of such kind includes designing and introducing the grid of Institute for Studies in Theoretical Physics and Mathematics (IPM) where tries to aggregate universities and researching houses in the frame of a national grid and it has yet provided some of fundamental services of grid. This paper aims to provide a grid computing model for being used in universities and researching houses that implemented in Tarbiat Modares University by test. Read More Read Less