Abstract Network coding was the major improvement for packet retransmission schemes in wireless multicast broadcast services (MBS). In the existing system the researchers use three main schemes: ONCR (Opportunistic network coding retransmission), FNCR (Full network coding retransmission) and ANCR (Adaptive network coding retransmission). First two schemes are not efficient because, in ONCR it will transmit the packets which are not intent... Network coding was the major improvement for packet retransmission schemes in wireless multicast broadcast services (MBS). In the existing system the researchers use three main schemes: ONCR (Opportunistic network coding retransmission), FNCR (Full network coding retransmission) and ANCR (Adaptive network coding retransmission). First two schemes are not efficient because, in ONCR it will transmit the packets which are not intent to send to the receiver. In FNCR, it decreases the bandwidth efficiency because of re-transmitting all the packets in addition with the required packets. In order to overcome the above drawbacks, Adaptive network coded schemes are used to improve the bandwidth efficiency in MBS using a combination of opportunistic and full network coded re-transmission. It can be applied for the single-hop wireless broadcast services. In the proposed system, this transmission scheme is applied for the multi-hop wireless broadcast service. It has the advantage of more effective bandwidth usage and in reducing the re-transmission. Read More Read Less

Abstract This work is carried out within the framework of the implementation of innovative technological applications to facilitate the resolution of development issues raised by climate changes. It describes the architecture used for the design of MapClim, a free system of access intended for the collection, systematic monitoring and diffusion of the data with the creation of capacities of community and... This work is carried out within the framework of the implementation of innovative technological applications to facilitate the resolution of development issues raised by climate changes. It describes the architecture used for the design of MapClim, a free system of access intended for the collection, systematic monitoring and diffusion of the data with the creation of capacities of community and national answer. Thus, it enables to establish a permanent waking state and to take fast and efficient actions in favour of the adaptation to the climate change. Our article, in the light of data, indicators and process charts, presents the results on the effects of the climate change in West Africa. Read More Read Less

Abstract Phishing is a social engineering crime on the Web. The rapid development and evolution of phishing techniques pose a big challenge for researchers in both academia and industry. The purpose of this study is to examine the available literature on Phishing and its countermeasures to determine how research has evolved in terms of quantity, content, and publication outlets. In addition,... Phishing is a social engineering crime on the Web. The rapid development and evolution of phishing techniques pose a big challenge for researchers in both academia and industry. The purpose of this study is to examine the available literature on Phishing and its countermeasures to determine how research has evolved in terms of quantity, content, and publication outlets. In addition, the paper identifies important trends in the literature on Phishing and its countermeasures and provides a view of the research gaps and expected topical areas of interest. This paper presents a comprehensive literature study of research conducted in this area, where 16 doctoral theses and 358 papers are analyzed in terms of research focus, empirical basis on Phishing and proposed countermeasures. We found that the current anti-phishing approaches that have seen significant deployments on the Internet can be classified into 8 groups. Our findings reveal that different approaches proposed in past are all preventive by nature. Phishers continually target the weakest link in the security chain, namely consumers, in their attacks. Various usability studies have demonstrated that neither server-side security indicators nor clientside toolbars and warnings are successful in preventing vulnerable users from being deceived. Educating the Internet users about phishing, as well as the implementation and proper application of anti-phishing measures, are critical steps in protecting the identities of online consumers against phishing attacks. Further research is required to evaluate the effectiveness of the available countermeasures against fresh phishing attacks. Also there is the need to find out the factors which influence Internet user’s ability to correctly indentify phishing websites. Read More Read Less