Abstract In this Paper, Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) and K-mean clustering methods were combined into a new one. In addition, by targeting nodes that are subject to threshold value and close to each other, second level clustering was done and Energy Efficient Close Nodes Clustering (EECNC) method was developed. Aim is to use only one sensor among sensors that have same... In this Paper, Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) and K-mean clustering methods were combined into a new one. In addition, by targeting nodes that are subject to threshold value and close to each other, second level clustering was done and Energy Efficient Close Nodes Clustering (EECNC) method was developed. Aim is to use only one sensor among sensors that have same range which occur in random distribution. By applying this method, having the same data repeatedly among detection process therefore, sent packet size was reduced and the energy was saved during detection. Read More Read Less

Abstract Channel coding is required to correct transmission errors that are caused by noise, interference and poor signal strength. 3G and 4G systems already used turbo code for error correction. 3GPP and other standardization bodies are currently debating whether to use Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) or polar code instead in 5G. In this paper we look into 5G requirements for channel coding... Channel coding is required to correct transmission errors that are caused by noise, interference and poor signal strength. 3G and 4G systems already used turbo code for error correction. 3GPP and other standardization bodies are currently debating whether to use Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) or polar code instead in 5G. In this paper we look into 5G requirements for channel coding and review candidate channel coding schemes for 5G. A comparative study is presented for possible channel coding candidates of 5G covering Convolutional, Turbo, LDPC, and Polar codes. It seems that polar code with Successive Cancellation List (SCL) decoding using small list length (such as 8) is a promising choice for short message lengths (≤ 128 bits) due to its error performance and relatively low complexity. Adopting non-binary LDPC can provide good performance on the expense of increased complexity but with better spectral efficiency. Considering the implementation, polar code with decoding algorithms based on SCL required small area and low power consumption when compared to LDPC codes. For larger message lengths (≥ 256 bits) turbo code can provide better performance at low coding rates (<1/2). Read More Read Less

Abstract Developing of technology today brings to ensure the security of data in the digital media with it. Coding and steganography techniques include the solution techniques which are used to ensure this security. The soundness of those techniques are also tested with the analysis techniques. In this study, steganalysis methods, which are used to reveal the hidden data within sound files, have been examined... Developing of technology today brings to ensure the security of data in the digital media with it. Coding and steganography techniques include the solution techniques which are used to ensure this security. The soundness of those techniques are also tested with the analysis techniques. In this study, steganalysis methods, which are used to reveal the hidden data within sound files, have been examined and the results, which are obtained from those methods, have been compared. The soundness of sound based steganography solutions has been tested via software which was developed in this study. Chi-square attack has been used for the testing of software and the outcomes have been assessed. Very successful outcomes have been obtained in the method which was developed in the sound based steganalysis. However, no good outcomes have been obtained for the sounds which included the prediction in the noisy sounds. Read More Read Less